Sunscreen: How to choose the most suitable one?

However, the sun is also a significant source of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which can cause potentially harmful effects on the skin, ranging from simple redness to more serious skin conditions. Adequate protection is therefore a real need, not only for those who intentionally expose themselves to the sun, but also for those who carry out outdoor activities for work or in their free time. To choose the most suitable product, it is necessary to understand how sun protection works and which factors must be carefully evaluated.

Understanding the Role of Sun Protection Factor (SPF)

The first element to consider when evaluating a sun product is the so-called sun protection factor, indicated by the acronym SPF (Sun Protection Factor). This numerical value represents the cream's ability to filter UVB rays, responsible for sunburn. In practice, the SPF indicates how many times longer a person can expose themselves to the sun without getting burned compared to how much they could do without any protection.

Choosing a product with SPF 15 or 25 may be appropriate for dark skin tones, for short exposures or at less intense times of the day. However, protection does not depend solely on the SPF value: other factors come into play, including the amount of product applied, the frequency of reuse and environmental conditions.

It is also important to remember that SPF only covers UVB rays. To ensure complete protection, it is advisable to opt for formulas that also offer defense against UVA rays, often indicated on the label as “broad spectrum protection”.

The Distinction Between UVA and UVB Protection

While UVB rays penetrate more superficially into the skin and are directly responsible for sunburn, UVA rays have a longer wavelength and reach deeper layers of the dermis. These are the main culprits of premature skin aging and can contribute to the development of some forms of cancer.

The presence of UVA protection in sun products is regulated in Europe: it must correspond to at least one third of the SPF value. A useful indication for consumers is the presence of the UVA logo enclosed in a circle, a symbol of compliance with the minimum required standards.

Opting for a sunscreen with SPF 50 can offer particularly high protection, suitable for people with very light skin, children or people who expose themselves to extreme environmental conditions, such as high in the mountains or near water, where the rays are reflected, amplifying the exposure.

The different formulations: which one to prefer?

There are many types of sunscreen on the market: creams, sprays, gels, sticks and lotions. Each of these has specific characteristics and may be more or less suitable based on the type of skin or personal needs. Creams tend to be thicker and more covering, often ideal for those with dry skin. Sprays and gels, on the other hand, are lighter and easier to apply, especially on large areas or those covered in hair.

For oily or acne-prone skin, it is best to opt for oil-free or non-comedogenic formulas, which avoid clogging pores. For sensitive or allergy-prone skin, there are specific products formulated without perfumes, parabens or alcohol, and with physical filters instead of chemical ones, such as zinc oxide or titanium dioxide.

The cosmetic factor is not secondary: a cream that is difficult to spread or leaves white residues tends to be used less regularly. Texture and ease of use are therefore practical criteria that influence the real effectiveness of protection.

When and how much to apply sunscreen

A common mistake is to apply sunscreen only once, immediately before sun exposure. In reality, to ensure maximum effectiveness, it is essential to apply the product at least 15-30 minutes before exposure and renew it every two hours, or more frequently in case of heavy sweating or after swimming, even if the product is water-resistant.

The amount applied plays a key role. Studies show that most people apply about half the recommended dose, dramatically reducing the protective effect. It is estimated that about 30-35 grams of product is needed to adequately cover an adult's body, the equivalent of a generous handful.

Even on cloudy or windy days, it is important not to underestimate exposure: UV rays can penetrate clouds and reflect on light surfaces such as sand, snow or water, increasing the effect on the skin.

Children, the elderly and vulnerable subjects: even more targeted protection

There are categories of people for whom sun protection takes on an even more critical value. Children, for example, have thinner and more delicate skin, particularly vulnerable to UV damage. It is advisable to use products formulated specifically for their age, which guarantee high or very high protection, and are free of potentially irritating ingredients.

Older adults, while often less sensitive to sunburn, are more vulnerable to chronic sun damage. Again, a broad-spectrum product with a high SPF is recommended, especially for those who spend a lot of time outdoors.

For those who take photosensitizing drugs, suffer from skin diseases or have a history of skin cancer, it is always advisable to consult a doctor or dermatologist to receive personalized advice. Some pharmacological active ingredients can in fact increase the skin's reactivity to sunlight.

Further considerations when choosing sunscreen

An often overlooked consideration is that related to the expiration of the product. Sunscreens have a limited shelf life after opening, generally indicated by a symbol in the shape of an open jar followed by the number of months of validity. Using expired products can seriously compromise the effectiveness of the protection.

It is also necessary to pay attention to environmental needs. In recent years, some chemicals present in sunscreens have been identified as potentially harmful to marine ecosystems, especially coral reefs. Oxybenzone and octinoxate, for example, are banned in several coastal locations. Those who want a more conscious choice can opt for eco-friendly, biodegradable or certified reef-safe sunscreens.

It is important to emphasize that the use of sunscreen does not exclude other preventive measures. Covering clothing, sunglasses with UV filters and wide-brimmed hats are complementary tools for effective protection. Furthermore, the time of exposure strongly affects the risk of damage: avoiding the sun during the central hours of the day is a valid recommendation for everyone.

Finally, the concept of sun protection is not just about summer. Even in winter or in the mountains, during cold and apparently not very sunny days, the refraction of light on snow or icy surfaces can cause serious sunburn. The application of suitable products in these situations is therefore equally important.

A daily investment for skin health

Choosing a sunscreen product that is right for your needs is not just a short-term act of prevention, but an investment in the future health of your skin. Regular and correct protection reduces the risk of chronic damage, prevents premature skin aging and helps reduce the incidence of some dermatological diseases.

Photoprotection is not exclusive to days at the beach, but a measure that should accompany every outdoor activity, in every season. The market today offers versatile solutions, suitable for every phototype and habit, with innovative formulations that make it easier to adopt a lifestyle that respects the skin and the environment. Those who want additional protection can choose specific treatments that integrate antioxidants, hydrating ingredients or components designed for photoaging, extending the function of sunscreen to a real daily skin care.